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NEW QUESTION # 16
When should the data of a pre-incident plan be evaluated?
- A. Before an incident
- B. During an incident
- C. After an incident
- D. During post incident critique
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The data of a pre-incident plan should be evaluated after an incident, as part of the post incident critique or analysis. This is to assess the accuracy, completeness, and usefulness of the pre-incident plan, and to identify any changes or updates needed based on the lessons learned from the incident.Evaluating the pre-incident plan after an incident can also help improve the emergency response performance and the fire safety management of the site.References:123
NEW QUESTION # 17
For combustion to take place, a combustible material, an oxidizing agent, and an ignition source are required.
The exception is
- A. radiation diffusion.
- B. conduction transfer.
- C. dielectric heating.
- D. spontaneous combustion.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Spontaneous combustion is the exception to the requirement of a combustible material, an oxidizing agent, and an ignition source for combustion to take place. Spontaneous combustion is a phenomenon in which a material can ignite without any external heat or flame, due to a chemical reaction within the material that generates enough heat to reach the ignition temperature. Spontaneous combustion can occur in certain materials that are prone to self-heating, such as oily rags, hay, coal, and compost. Spontaneous combustion is a type of smoldering combustion, which is a slow, low-temperature, flameless form of combustion.References:
Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 2, Section 2.2.1.11 NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, 2021 Edition, Section 4.3.12
NEW QUESTION # 18
Large quantities of flammable or combustible liquids (all classes) are best transferred
- A. by gravity flow.
- B. using air pressure systems.
- C. through piping by pumps.
- D. using inert gas pressure systems.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Large quantities of flammable or combustible liquids (all classes) are best transferred through piping by pumps. This method minimizes the risk of spills, leaks, fires, and explosions that may occur when transferring liquids by other means, such as air pressure, inert gas pressure, or gravity flow. Piping systems should be designed, installed, operated, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code and other applicable standards. Piping systems should also include proper grounding and bonding, venting, and emergency shutoff devices to prevent static electricity, overpressure, and accidental release of liquids.
References: NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2021 Edition, Chapter 271; Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 8, Section 8.3.12.
NEW QUESTION # 19
What is the minimum pipe diameter size for direct discharge of steam inside a water tank?
- A. 1 1/2 in. (38 mm)
- B. 1/2 in. (13 mm)
- C. 1 in. (25 mm)
- D. 2 in. (50 mm)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The minimum pipe diameter size for direct discharge of steam inside a water tank is 2 in. (50 mm), according to NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. This is to prevent water hammer, noise, and vibration caused by the rapid condensation of steam when it contacts the water. The pipe should also be equipped with a check valve to prevent backflow of water into the steam source.References: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2023 Edition, Chapter 8, Section 8.16.4.5.3; NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 21st Edition, Chapter 14, Section 14.3.4.2.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Fire alarm systems audible appliances ratings are usually stated as a sound pressure level (SPL) at what distance?
- A. 20 ft (6.10 m)
- B. 10 ft (3.05 m)
- C. 15 ft (4.57 m)
- D. 1 ft (0.31 m)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Fire alarm systems audible appliances ratings are usually stated as a sound pressure level (SPL) at 10 ft (3.05 m) from the appliance. The SPL is measured in decibels (dB) and indicates the loudness of the sound produced by the appliance. The SPL at 10 ft (3.05 m) is used as a standard reference point for comparing different audible appliances and for designing fire alarm systems to meet the required audibility levels.References:
NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, 2019 Edition, Section 18.4.3.11 Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 7, Section 7.8.2.12
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which foam extinguishing agent can be proportioned into final concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 6%?
- A. Protein Foaming Agents (P)
- B. Low-Temperature Foaming Agents
- C. Film-Forming Fluoroprotein Agents (FFFP)
- D. Aqueous Film-Forming Agents (AFFF)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Aqueous film-forming agents (AFFF) are synthetic foam concentrates that can be proportioned into final concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 6%, depending on the type of fuel and application method12. AFFF forms a thin aqueous film on the surface of the flammable liquid, which prevents vapor release and provides rapid fire knockdown and extinguishment3. AFFF is suitable for Class B fires involving hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc. References:
Fire Fighting Foams - Chemguard
Extinguishing foam: types, operation and application areas
[NFPA 11: Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam]
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate purpose for employing a guard service to protect a property against fire loss?
- A. To facilitate and control the movement of persons into, out of, and within the property
- B. To perform routine housekeeping and equipment maintenance operations during nonproduction hours
- C. To carry out procedures for the orderly conduct of some operations on the property
- D. To protect the property at times when the management is not present
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct answer is C. To perform routine housekeeping and equipment maintenance operations during nonproduction hours would NOT be an appropriate purpose for employing a guard service to protect a property against fire loss. A guard service is typically hired to provide security and protection for a property, not to perform other tasks that are unrelated to fire prevention or control. Housekeeping and equipment maintenance operations should be done by qualified and authorized personnel who are trained and equipped to handle any potential fire hazards. A guard service may not have the necessary skills, tools, or authority to perform these operations safely and effectively.Moreover, these operations may interfere with the guard service's primary duty of monitoring and patrolling the property for any signs of fire or intrusion12345
NEW QUESTION # 23
What are the two classes of fire models?
- A. Physical and mathematical
- B. Field and laboratory
- C. Behavioral and theoretical
- D. Open and closed
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The two classes of fire models arephysical and mathematical. Physical fire models are scaled-down representations of real fire scenarios, using laboratory experiments and measurements to study the fire behavior and effects.Physical fire models can be used to test hypotheses, validate mathematical models, and provide empirical data for fire analysis1. Mathematical fire models are numerical or analytical solutions of the equations that govern the fire phenomena, such as heat transfer, fluid dynamics, combustion, and chemical kinetics.Mathematical fire models can be used to simulate fire scenarios, predict fire outcomes, and optimize fire protection systems2. There are two major categories of mathematical fire models: zone models and field models. Zone models divide the fire compartment into two or more homogeneous zones, such as upper and lower layers, and apply mass and energy conservation equations to each zone.Zone models are relatively simple, fast, and easy to use, but they have limitations in accuracy and applicability3. Field models solve the partial differential equations that describe the fire-driven fluid flow and heat transfer in three dimensions, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques.Field models are more detailed, realistic, and flexible, but they require more computational resources and expertise4.References:
Fire modelling with Computational Fluid Dynamics - BRE Group
Fire modeling programs | NIST
interFIRE, A site dedicated to improving fire investigation worldwide.
Computer Fire Models for Fire Investigation and Reconstruction
NEW QUESTION # 24
A multistage centrifugal fire pump is defined as
- A. being able to operate with a diesel, steam or electric driver.
- B. a pump installed on more than one floor or one building.
- C. requiring more than one input location connection.
- D. having two or more impellers on one shaft as a single unit.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Fire pump
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A multistage centrifugal fire pump is defined as having two or more impellers on one shaft as a single unit. A multistage centrifugal pump is a type of centrifugal pump that uses multiple impellers to increase the pressure and flow of water.Each impeller acts like a single-stage pump within a chain of pumps, and the water passes through each impeller in series, gaining pressure and velocity at each stage1.A multistage centrifugal fire pump is used to provide high-pressure water for fire protection systems, especially in high-rise buildings or large industrial facilities2.A multistage centrifugal fire pump can be driven by an electric motor, a diesel engine, or a steam turbine3.References:
Our Guide to Multistage Centrifugal Pumps | C&B Equipment
Fire Pump Types | NFPA
NFPA 20: Changes to the fire pump standard - Consulting
NEW QUESTION # 25
At what temperature do cellulose nitrate products begin to decompose?
- A. 300° F (150° C)
- B. 350° F (177° C)
- C. 581° F (305° C)
- D. 425° F (218° C)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Cellulose nitrate products begin to decompose at about 300 °F (150 °C). This is the temperature at which the nitrate ester bonds start to break down and release nitric acid, which further catalyzes the decomposition. The decomposition temperature depends on the nitrogen content, the stabilizers, and the external heating rate of the cellulose nitrate. Higher nitrogen content, lower stabilizer concentration, and faster heating rate lower the decomposition temperature and increase the risk of thermal runaway.
References:Nitrocellulose - Wikipedia;Comparative analysis of stable decomposition and combustion kinetics of nitrated cellulose;Degradation of aged nitrocellulose investigated by thermal analysis methods;Nitrocellulose;Effect of stabilizers and nitrogen content on thermal properties of nitrocellulose
NEW QUESTION # 26
What type of standpipe system provides 21/2 in. (65 mm) hose connections at designated locations in a building for use by the fire department?
- A. Class II
- B. Class IV
- C. Class I
- D. Class III
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A Class I standpipe system provides 2 1/2 in. (65 mm) hose connections at designated locations in a building for use by the fire department. A Class I standpipe system is intended to supply water for fire fighting operations by trained personnel using hoses of 1 1/2 in. (40 mm), 1 3/4 in. (45 mm), or 2 in. (50 mm) nominal diameters. A Class I standpipe system is required to deliver a minimum flow rate of 250 gpm (946 L/min) at a minimum residual pressure of 100 psi (6.9 bar) at the most remote hose connection.References:
NFPA 14: Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, 2019 Edition, Section 3.3.4.11 Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 8, Section 8.2.1.12
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which type of fire alarm system transmits signals that are permanently recorded at a constantly attended supervising station located either at the protected premises or at another location of the property owner?
- A. Central station
- B. Auxiliary
- C. Proprietary
- D. Remote station
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A proprietary fire alarm system is a type of fire alarm system that transmits signals that are permanently recorded at a constantly attended supervising station located either at the protected premises or at another location of the property owner. A proprietary fire alarm system is owned and operated by the property owner or the owner's agent. A proprietary fire alarm system is intended to provide fire alarm service to a single property or a campus of related properties.References:
NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, 2019 Edition, Section 3.3.105.11 Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 7, Section 7.2.1.12
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which factor plays a significant role in most industrial fire and explosion losses?
- A. Mechanical
- B. Process
- C. Human
- D. External
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The answer is C. Human factor plays a significant role in most industrial fire and explosion losses.According to a study by Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty (AGCS), human error is the cause of 80% of all industrial accidents, including fires and explosions1. Human error can include mistakes, negligence, violations, or sabotage. Some examples of human errors that can lead to fires and explosions are:
Improper handling or storage of flammable or combustible materials
Failure to follow safety procedures or regulations
Lack of training or supervision
Poor maintenance or inspection of equipment or machinery
Ignoring or disabling alarms or warning systems
Smoking or using open flames near hazardous areas
Intentional or accidental ignition of explosives or incendiaries
To prevent or reduce the impact of human errors, industrial facilities should implement effective risk management strategies, such as:
Providing regular and adequate training and education for workers and managers Establishing and enforcing clear and consistent safety policies and rules Conducting thorough and frequent audits and inspections Installing and maintaining reliable fire protection systems and equipment Developing and practicing emergency response and evacuation plans Encouraging a positive safety culture and communication among all stakeholders
NEW QUESTION # 29
The ignition temperature of acetylene gas is
- A. 350° F (177° C).
- B. 325° F (163° C).
- C. 425° F (218° C).
- D. .581° F (305° C).
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Acetylene
Explore
The ignition temperature of acetylene gas is 581° F (305° C). This is the minimum temperature required to ignite a gas or vapor in air without a spark or flame being present. The ignition temperature of acetylene gas varies according to composition, initial pressure, initial temperature, and water vapor content.As a typical example, an air mixture containing 30 percent acetylene by volume at atmospheric pressure can be ignited at about 581 °F (305°C)1.
References:Fuels and Chemicals - Autoignition Temperatures - The Engineering ToolBox;Ignition Temperatures and Group Classifications for Flammable Gases and Vapors;Is Acetylene Flammable? - Firefighter Insider;Ignition temperature acetylene - Big Chemical Encyclopedia;Acetylene Gas- its Characteristics and Safety Requirements
NEW QUESTION # 30
Explosions or fires from flammable gas or oil fuel vapor-air mixtures may be prevented by ventilation and controls that keep the flammable vapor content below what percent of the lower flammable limit of the vapor-air mixture?
- A. 15%
- B. 45%
- C. 35%
- D. 25%
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
25%
Explosions or fires from flammable gas or oil fuel vapor-air mixtures may be prevented by ventilation and controls that keep the flammable vapor content below 25% of the lower flammable limit (LFL) of the vapor-air mixture, according to the web search results. The LFL is the lowest concentration of a gas or vapor in air that can produce a flash of fire in the presence of an ignition source. Below the LFL, the mixture is too lean to burn. The LFL varies for different gases and vapors, and it is usually expressed as a percentage by volume of air at 25°C and atmospheric pressure. For example, the LFL of methane is 4.4%, which means that a mixture of methane and air with less than 4.4% methane cannot ignite. To prevent explosions or fires, the concentration of flammable gases or vapors should be kept below 25% of their LFL, which is equivalent to
1.1% methane in this case. Ventilation, natural or mechanical, is one of the methods to achieve this by diluting the flammable gases or vapors with fresh air.Controls, such as gas detectors, alarms, valves, and interlocks, are another method to monitor and regulate the flammable gas or vapor levels and prevent them from reaching dangerous concentrations1234
NEW QUESTION # 31
Typical fire pump drivers reach maximum brake horsepower between
- A. 140-170% of rated capacity.
- B. 110-125% of rated capacity.
- C. 65-85% of rated capacity.
- D. 90-100% of rated capacity.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Fire pump
Explore
Typical fire pump drivers reach maximum brake horsepower (BHP) between 140% and 170% of rated capacity, depending on the type and size of the pump. This means that the driver must be able to provide enough power to operate the pump at its peak efficiency point, which is usually beyond the rated capacity. The rated capacity is the flow rate at which the pump is designed to deliver a certain pressure, as specified by NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection. The maximum BHP is the highest power output required by the pump at any point on its performancecurve. The driver must be sized to match the maximum BHP of the pump, with some allowance for service factor and safety margin.References
:Understanding the Basics of Fire Pumps | Pumps & Systems;How are Engines and Motors Sized for Fire Pumps?; NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection, 2023 Edition, Chapter 4, Section 4.7.
NEW QUESTION # 32
The removal of flammable vapors by displacement for cleaning a storage tank can be accomplished by displacement with air, inert gas and
- A. water
- B. absorbant
- C. earth
- D. sodium bicarbonate
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The removal of flammable vapors by displacement for cleaning a storage tank can be accomplished by displacement with air, inert gas, and water. Water is a common method of displacing flammable vapors from tanks, as it is readily available, inexpensive, and non-reactive with most fuels. Water can be sprayed into the tank to create a water seal that prevents the vapors from escaping and reduces the oxygen concentration in the tank. Water can also be used to rinse the tank walls and remove any residual fuel. However, water displacement may not be suitable for some tanks that contain water-sensitive or water-soluble fuels, or for tanks that have limited drainage or disposal facilities.
References:ust permanent closure requirements - Nevada;A Guide to Safety in Confined Spaces - CDC Stacks;Fire Explosion Prevention - Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering ...
NEW QUESTION # 33
The maximum discharge time permitted for halocarbon clean agent systems is
- A. 60 seconds.
- B. 30 seconds.
- C. 10 seconds.
- D. 45 seconds.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The maximum discharge time permitted for halocarbon clean agent systems is10 seconds. This is the requirement of NFPA 2001, which is the standard for clean agent fire extinguishing systems.NFPA 2001 states that the discharge time for halocarbon agents shall not exceed 10 seconds, unless otherwise permitted by the authority having jurisdiction1. Halocarbon agents are synthetic compounds that contain carbon, fluorine, and sometimes other elements, such as hydrogen, chlorine, or bromine.Examples of halocarbon agents include HFC-227ea, HFC-125, and FK-5-1-122. Halocarbon agents work by absorbing heat and interrupting the chemical chain reaction of the fire.They are electrically nonconductive and leave no residue upon evaporation3.Halocarbon agents are suitable for protecting Class A, B, and C fires involving electrical equipment, flammable liquids, and ordinary combustibles4. The discharge time is the time required to release the agent from the storage containers to the protected enclosure.A short discharge time is important to achieve the design concentration of the agent before the fire grows or spreads5.References:
NFPA 2001: Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
Clean Agent System Basics | NFPA
Fire Fighting Foams - Chemguard
Clean Agent Fire Suppression Systems | Fike
Category | Rotarex Firetec
NEW QUESTION # 34
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